Welcome to my website! I am a Postdoctoral Fellow at Collegio Carlo Alberto and Visiting Professor at Bocconi University. I received my Ph.D from Columbia University.
In my research I use formal models to study the organization of political parties. I also study with incentivized experiments how information affects voters’ behavior.
You can reach me at giovanna [dot] invernizzi [at] carloalberto [dot] org.
“Institutions and Political Restraint”. With Michael Ting. Forthcoming, American Journal of Political Science. [paper]
Recent political developments worldwide have focused attention on the fraying of political norms, often understood as informal restraints on opportunistic behavior. This paper presents a theory of political norms that incorporates both ideology and institutional structure. In the model, an election determines which party holds office in each period over an infinite horizon. Each period presents the majority party with an opportunity to modify a status quo policy. However, informal norms and formal institutional barriers limit its ability to do so by providing soft and hard constraints to policymaking, respectively. We show that political cooperation can be easier to sustain in political systems with fewer checks and balances. Under optimal norms, increasing ideological polarization makes norms easier to uphold, while also reducing welfare. Finally, norms maintained by minority parties are less sustainable, and voter optimal norms require minority concessions to achieve greater electoral competitiveness.
“Antagonistic Cooperation: Factional Competition in the Shadow of Elections”. Early View, American Journal of Political Science. [paper][paper ungated]
Intra-party competition is widespread and affects political parties’ strength. This paper presents a model of elections in which intra-party factions can devote resources to campaigning for the party or undermining competing factions to obtain more power. The model shows that inter- and intra-party competition are substitutes: Internal competition increases when the electoral stakes are low — e.g., in consensus democracies granting power to the losing party — because the incentives to focus on the fight for internal power increase. Similarly, an increase in party polarization incentivizes factions to campaign to avoid a more costly electoral loss. Factions in the moderate party campaign more than those in the extreme party; conversely, when factions in the same party are ideologically divided, extreme factions campaign more. Finally, the model studies how internal rules affect intra-party competition, showing how parties design internal contests among factions to maximize campaigning.
“Trust Nobody: How Voters React to Conspiracy Theories”. With Ahmed Ezzeldin Mohamed. First View, Journal of Experimental Political Science. [paper] [pre-analysis plan]
How does exposure to conspiracy theories affect voters’ political attitudes and evaluations? Using an online experiment among US subjects, we show that exposure to conspiracy theories decreases voters’ trust in political institutions, such as mainstream parties and courts, as well as information providers. Subjects were exposed to conspiracy theories that are entirely unrelated to American domestic politics, which further underscores such narratives’ danger. However, results suggest that voters do not weigh unrelated conspiracies in their evaluation of politicians’ performance. Overall, our findings illustrate that an informational environment permeated by conspiracy theories could impede the functioning of democracy by eroding trust in its institutions, but that voters’ capacity to keep politicians accountable is resilient to unrelated information.
“Tra i Leoni: Revealing the Preferences Behind a Superstition”. First author, with J.B. Miller, T. Coen, M. Dufwenberg and L. Oliveira. Journal of Economic Psychology 2021, 82. [paper]
We investigate a superstition for which adherence is nearly universal. Using a combination of field interventions and a lab-style value elicitation, we investigate the strength of peoples’ underlying preferences, and to what extent their behavior is driven by social conformity rather than the superstition itself. Our findings indicate that both mechanisms influence behavior. While a substantial number of people are willing to incur a relatively high individual cost in order to adhere to the superstition, for many, adherence is contingent on the behavior of others. Our findings suggest that it is the conforming nature of the majority that sustains the false beliefs of the minority.
“Public Information: Relevance or Salience?”. Games 2020, 11, 4. [paper]
How does salient public information affect voters’ behavior? In a majoritarian voting game with common preferences, rational voters could use public information as an information device (depending on accuracy) or as a coordination device (regardless of accuracy). A simple lab experiment contradicts both hypotheses: subjects tend to follow public information when it is salient, regardless of the information’s accuracy, but fail to use it as a source of coordination. In particular, it matters whether the information is recent: subjects are more likely to follow public information when it is provided closer to the voting decision. These findings are important because the salience of public information is easily manipulable by political actors.
“Electoral Volatility and Pre-Electoral Alliances”. Revise & Resubmit, Journal of Politics. [paper]
In multi-party systems, parties often form alliances before elections. What brings competing parties to coalesce into new entities? I present a model of electoral competition in which parties can form pre-electoral alliances and decide how binding these should be. Parties face a dynamic trade-off between insuring themselves against significant shifts in public opinion and allowing flexibility to respond to future electoral changes. The model shows that more binding alliances such as mergers emerge in equilibrium when electoral volatility is high; instead, when voters are predictable (e.g., highly partisan), parties either run alone or form more flexible pre-electoral coalitions. When the electorate is sufficiently volatile, a risk-averse centrist party might prefer an extreme merger partner to a moderate one. Furthermore, alliances only emerge under some power concentration, whereas parties run alone under consensual democracies that share power among winners and losers.
“Politics by Denunciation”. First author, with Andrea Ceron. Revise & Resubmit, Electoral Studies. [paper]
Judicial investigations into politicians are a fundamental component of politics, with these investigations often leading to public scandals. Yet, empirical evidence of the strategic determinants of judicial investigations is intrinsically hard to gather, a problem that has significantly limited the study of this important phenomenon. This paper studies the politics behind judicial investigations by leveraging new data on prosecutors’ informants in 1125 episodes of misbehavior of Italian MPs involved in different crimes (1983-2019). Results provide evidence in favor of a political use of denunciations for corruption crimes: when a party weakens, the likelihood that political enemies denounce past misbehavior of members of the weakened party increases, suggesting that the political use of denunciation is elastic to changes in the electoral performance. Furthermore, weakened MPs are more likely to be accused of misbehavior that happened a long time before the accusation, which further supports the argument that accusations are politically motivated.
“Bending the Iron Law”. With Carlo Prato. Under Review. [paper]
We study the internal organization of political parties as the solution of a moral hazard problem between a party principal (or selectorate) and two factions. Factional mobilization effort bolsters a party’s electoral chances but can only be imperfectly monitored—via an internal contest. We model a party’s internal organization as a system of “prizes,” an allocation of resources between winner and loser of the internal contest. We show that when (i) a party’s baseline electoral strength is low and (ii) electoral outcomes are not too responsive to mobilization efforts, there is an inverse relationship between inter-party power sharing and intra-party power sharing: institutional settings that award more resources and policy influence to election winners should produce party structures that promote a more egalitarian allocation of power across factions. Our results help organize the empirically documented dispersion in party organizational structures.
“Accountability with Multidimensional Policy Experimentation”. With Jesse Crosson and Federica Izzo. [paper]
Politics in general and policymaking in particular are inherently multidimensional. We develop a model of accountability to study policymaking when multiple policy dimensions are available. In the model, an incumbent chooses whether and how to act on each of two correlated policy dimensions. While voters do not know what the optimal policies are, they can infer it by observing the incumbent’s choices and the resulting outcomes. Thus, the incumbent influences voter learning by either focusing on a single issue or acting on multiple policy dimensions. We characterize the officeholder’s decision to expand (or contract) the scope of policymaking, based on his ex-ante electoral strength and on the correlation across dimensions. Results also show how the possibility to act on multiple correlated dimensions influences policymakers’ incentives to pursue moderate or extreme policies.
“Evolving Party Systems”. With Federica Izzo.
How do party systems evolve? We present a dynamic model to analyze political factions’ decisions to form parties, split from existing parties, or merge into new ones. In the model, we begin with ideological factions choosing whether to coalesce into parties, anticipating that voters’ ideological preferences may change over time. In addition, voters’ evaluation of different political parties depends on their brand, which evolves with the party history and is depleted once a party experiences a split from a minoritarian faction. In this setting, factions may have incentives to split if they want to develop their own brand and they see a favorable shift in the electorate. However, this strategy is risky if factions cannot commit to a future merger should the political conditions call for one. Our model thus allows us to analyze how factions’ incentives to coalesce or split change as a function of electoral volatility and party organizational choices. Further, we characterize conditions under which, once they occur, splits are stable and when we instead observe cycles of splits and mergers.
“Inside Political Parties: Factions, Party Organization and Electoral Competition”. [download dissertation]
“Political Scandals”. [paper]
This literature review is the first attempt to gather the existing knowledge we have about political scandals. It is motivated by the widespread occurrences and the rising importance of scandals in shaping political events, and the corresponding (surprising) lack of attention by the academic community. While there is little empirical evidence of how scandals affect voters’ behavior, we lack a theoretical systematization of the phenomenon. This review therefore has two main contributions: first, it provides a broad overview of the political science literature that has been treating scandals. Secondly, it imparts a formal framework to think about scandals that might be useful in guiding future empirical and theoretical work.
Comparative Political Institutions (2022)
[Syllabus]
An in-depth overview of the state of the art in comparative politics. Special attention is given to
institutions and their relationship to development outcomes and paths to democratization.
Role: Instructor.
Political Science Ph.D Math Camp (2019, 2020)
[Evaluations]
A review of basic calculus and linear algebra, as well as an introduction to fundamental notions of real analysis used in graduate courses in quantitative and formal methods.
Role: Instructor.
Research Topics in Game Theory (2016, 2017)
[2017 Evaluations] [2016 Evaluations]
The second course in the PhD formal theory sequence.
Role: TA for Carlo Prato.
Game Theory and Political Theory (2017)
[Evaluations]
The first course in the PhD formal theory sequence.
Role: TA for John Huber.
State Politics (2021)
[Evaluations]
An introduction to american politics for undergraduate students.
Role: TA for Justin Phillips.
Voting and American Politics (2020)
[Evaluations]
An introduction to american politics for undergraduate students.
Role: TA for Robert Erikson.
The Logic of Collective Choice (2019)
[Evaluations]
Undergraduate lecture course on collective choice.
Role: TA for Jeffrey Lax.
Introduction to Comparative Politics (2018)
[Evaluations]
An introduction to comparative politics for undergraduate students.
Role: TA for John Huber.
appointments
Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy.
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, 2021-present.
BAFFI-CAREFIN Centre, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy.
Research Affiliate, Institutions and Reforms Unit, 2021-present.
EDUCATION
Columbia University, New York, NY.
Ph.D. in Political Science, 2021.
M.Phil. in Political Science, 2017.
M.A. in Political Science, 2016.
Bocconi University, Milan, Italy.
M.S. Summa Cum Laude, Economics and Social Sciences, March 2015.
B.A., Economics and Social Sciences, 2012.